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Characterized by weakened or damaged heart musculature, heart failure results in the gradual buildup of fluid in a patient’s lungs, legs, feet, and other parts of the body. The condition is chronic and incurable, often leading to arrhythmias or sudden cardiac arrest. For many centuries, bloodletting and leeches were the treatment of choice, famously practiced by barber surgeons in Europe, during a time when physicians rarely operated on patients.

In the 21st century, the management of heart failure has become decidedly less medieval: Today, patients undergo a combination of healthy lifestyle changes, prescription of medications, and sometimes use pacemakers.…

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